BY:
Matthew
J. Carlson, Ph.D.
Institute of Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
AND
Thomas L. Moore, Ph.D.
Herbert & Louis Wilsonville, Oregon
December 1, 1998
Funded by the Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation Salem,
Oregon
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
In August of 1998, the Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation
commissioned a study with the purpose of estimating the prevalence of
gambling behavior and pathological gambling among Oregon youth ages
thirteen to seventeen. Although this survey was conducted and
carried out by Matthew Carlson and Thomas Moore, it would not have been
possible without the help of many individuals and organizations who
assisted with the project. The authors would like to thank Mr.
Michael McCracken for his untiring assistance in making this study a
reality. Without the gracious support of the Spirit Mountain
Community Fund and the Oregon Lottery this study would not have been
possible.
The authors would also like to thank Rina Gupta, Sue Fisher, Henry
Lesieur, Randy Stinchfield, Ken Winters, Norval Glenn, and Dan Mears
for their collegial support and suggestions during the process.
Copies of this report can be obtained by contacting:
Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation
PO Box 866
Salem, Oregon 97308
(503) 399-7201
www.gamblingaddiction.org
Executive Summary
The Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation commissioned this
independent study to measure the estimated prevalence of gambling and
problem gambling among Oregon youth ages 13 to 17. This
telephone survey of 1000 randomly selected youth in Oregon was
conducted in September and October of 1998. The Key findings of
this study are as follows:
| Levels of Gambling Involvement | Definition | Possible Education, Prevention, Treatment Interventions | SOGS-RA Score (narrow criteria) |
| Level 0 : Non- Gambling | Has never gambled | Ø
Educational awareness Ø Primary prevention |
0 |
| Level 1 : Non-Problem Gambling | Gambles recreationally and does not experience any signs or symptoms of gambling-related disorder | Ø Secondary Prevention | £ 1 |
| Level 2 : In-Transition Gambling | Gambler who experiences subclinical symptoms or displays signs of gambling problems, may be progressing either toward more serious symptoms (i.e., progression) or away from these symptoms (i.e., during recovery) | Ø
Tertiary prevention > Ø Early treatment to arrest progression > Ø Relapse prevention activities to facilitate and sustain recovery |
2-3 |
| Level 3 : Gambling-Related Disorder with Impairment | Gambler who meets diagnostic criteria as assessed by the SOGS-RA as impaired in psychological or sociological domains. | Ø
Tertiary prevention to minimize harm Ø Treatment |
³ 4 |
| Level 4 : Impaired Gambler who Displays Willingness to Enter Treatment | Gambler who satisfies level 3 requirements and, in addition, displays interest in entering treatment | Ø
Treatment |
N/A |
| Sample Characteristics (n=997) |
Oregon Census | |
| Age [3] | ||
| 14 | 24.3 | 25.4 |
| 15 | 26.1 | 25.2 |
| 16 | 26.0 | 24.6 |
| 17 | 23.6 | 24.8 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Race [4] | ||
| White | 90.1 | 90.7 |
| Hispanic | 1.7 | NA |
| Native American | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Asian | 1.6 | 2.9 |
| Black | 0.2 | 2.1 |
| Other | 3.7 | 2.3 |
| Total | 99.1 | 100.0 |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 46.0 | 48.5 |
| Male | 54.0 | 51.5 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Group (N) | Gambled Lifetime |
Gambled Past 12 Months |
| Total (997) | 75.9 | 66.0 |
| Gender [5] | ||
| Boys (539) | 81.3 | 74.0 |
| Girls (459) | 73.7 | 57.1 |
| Age [6] | ||
| 13 (151) | 69.3 | 58.9 |
| 14 (205) | 74.6 | 65.4 |
| 15 (221) | 76.9 | 66.1 |
| 16 (220) | 76.4 | 69.1 |
| 17 (200) | 80.4 | 68.5 |
| Race | ||
| Anglo (898) | 76.7 | 66.9 |
| Non-Anglo (99) | 68.7 | 58.2 |
| Group (N) | Gambled Lifetime |
Gambled Past 12 Months |
| Total (997) | 38.9 | 29.6 |
| Gender [8] | ||
| Boys (539) | 42.3 | 33.3 |
| Girls (459) | 34.9 | 25.3 |
| Age [9] | ||
| 13 (151) | 35.1 | 25.8 |
| 14 (205) | 38.5 | 27.3 |
| 15 (221) | 39.5 | 29.5 |
| 16 (220) | 37.3 | 27.3 |
| 17 (200) | 43.2 | 37.7 |
| Race | ||
| Anglo (898) | 39.5 | 30.1 |
| Non-Anglo (99) | 32.7 | 25.3 |
| Lottery Game | Percent |
| Scratch-its | 22.6 |
| Sports Action | 7.8 |
| Keno | 5.3 |
| Pull-tabs | 4.6 |
| Powerball | 4.6 |
| Video Poker | 4.3 |
| Megabucks | 3.3 |
| Daily four | 0.8 |
| Access Type | Percent |
| Buy them myself at a convenience store | 12.9 |
| Buy them myself at a grocery store | 18.6 |
| Buy them myself at a vending machine | 1.3 |
| Buy them myself at a deli, restaurant, tavern, or bar | 2.4 |
| A parent, sibling, or other relative buys them for me | 50.0 |
| Other | 15.0 |
| Total (379) | 100.0 |
| Group (N) | Gambled Lifetime |
Gambled Past 12 Months |
| Total (997) | 18.6 | 12.1 |
| Gender | ||
| Boys (539) | 18.6 | 13.4 |
| Girls (459) | 18.6 | 10.5 |
| Age | ||
| 13 (151) | 13.9 | 7.3 |
| 14 (205) | 19.0 | 11.7 |
| 15 (221) | 22.7 | 15.0 |
| 16 (220) | 14.5 | 10.5 |
| 17 (200) | 21.6 | 15.0 |
| Race [10] | ||
| Anglo (898) | 17.6 | 11.8 |
| Non-Anglo (99) | 28.3 | 15.2 |
| Group (N) | Gambled Lifetime |
Gambled Past 12 Months |
| Total (997) | 73.2 | 62.9 |
| Gender [11] | ||
| Boys (539) | 79.7 | 71.2 |
| Girls (459) | 65.6 | 53.2 |
| Age [12] | ||
| 13 (151) | 66.2 | 56.0 |
| 14 (205) | 72.2 | 59.7 |
| 15 (221) | 74.5 | 65.0 |
| 16 (220) | 73.2 | 66.4 |
| 17 (200) | 77.9 | 65.3 |
| Race | ||
| Anglo (898) | 73.8 | 63.6 |
| Non-Anglo (99) | 67.7 | 56.6 |
| Forms of Gambling | Percent |
| Purchased raffle tickets for a charitable organization | 40.5 |
| Bet on sports teams with friends/relatives | 31.6 |
| Played cards at someplace other than a casino | 30.9 |
| Bet on games of skill | 25.4 |
| Played bingo other than at a casino | 14.8 |
| Played dice games not at a casino | 10.1 |
| Flipped coins for money | 6.9 |
| Bet on horse or dogs | 3.3 |
| Bet on sports teams with bookies | 3.3 |
| Gambled on the Internet | 0.3 |
| Other | 4.0 |
| County (N) | Any Gambling |
Casino Gambling |
Lottery Gambling |
| Multnomah (198) | 67.7 | 8.1 | 38.2 |
| Washington (120) | 66.7 | 10.8 | 20.8 |
| Clackamas (99) | 70.7 | 6.1 | 32.3 |
| Lane (95) | 66.7 | 18.9 | 31.3 |
| Marion (83) | 53.7 | 12.0 | 30.1 |
| All Others (402) | 66.4 | 14.4 | 26.9 |
| Group (N) | Daily | Weekly | Monthly | Less Than Monthly |
| Total (658) | 4.0 | 13.3 | 28.1 | 54.5 |
| Gender [15] | ||||
| Boys (396) | 5.1 | 16.7 | 29.8 | 48.5 |
| Girls (262) | 2.7 | 8.4 | 25.6 | 63.4 |
| Age | ||||
| 13 (89) | 3.4 | 13.5 | 18.0 | 65.2 |
| 14 (133) | 0.8 | 19.5 | 30.8 | 48.9 |
| 15 (147) | 7.5 | 12.9 | 25.9 | 53.7 |
| 16 (152) | 3.9 | 10.5 | 27.0 | 58.6 |
| 17 (137) | 3.6 | 10.9 | 35.8 | 49.6 |
| Race | ||||
| Anglo (600) | 3.7 | 13.0 | 28.3 | 55.2 |
| Non-Anglo (57) | 7.0 | 15.8 | 28.1 | 49.1 |
| Group (N) | $0.00- $9.00 |
$10.00- $49.00 |
More Than $49.00 |
| Total (647) | 87.9 | 8.6 | 1.9 |
| Gender [16] | |||
| Boys (393) | 76.3 | 11.3 | 2.3 |
| Girls (254) | 94.5 | 4.3 | 1.2 |
| Age | |||
| 13 (84) | 91.6 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
| 14 (134) | 91.8 | 6.7 | 1.5 |
| 15 (143) | 86.1 | 11.2 | 2.8 |
| 16 (153) | 92.8 | 5.3 | 2.0 |
| 17 (136) | 84.6 | 12.5 | 2.9 |
| Race | |||
| Anglo (593) | 90.3 | 8.1 | 1.7 |
| Non-Anglo (54) | 79.6 | 14.8 | 5.6 |
| Group (N) | $0.00- $19.00 |
$20.00- $49.00 |
$50.00- $99.00 |
More Than $99.00 |
| Total (609) | 36.2 | 20.2 | 13.3 | 30.3 |
| Gender | ||||
| Boys (362) | 36.2 | 18.8 | 13.0 | 32.0 |
| Girls (247) | 36.5 | 22.3 | 13.4 | 27.9 |
| Age | ||||
| 13 (79) | 57.0 | 34.2 | 2.5 | 6.3 |
| 14 (117) | 70.1 | 19.7 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| 15 (135) | 37.8 | 27.4 | 14.1 | 20.7 |
| 16 (143) | 19.6 | 16.8 | 24.5 | 39.2 |
| 17 (131) | 10.7 | 7.6 | 15.3 | 66.4 |
| Race | ||||
| Anglo (560) | 35.4 | 20.5 | 13.8 | 30.4 |
| Non-Anglo (48) | 45.8 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 29.2 |
| Group | Beginning in Grade School: All Gamblers (n=632) |
Beginning in Grade School: At least Monthly Gambling (n=265) |
| Total | 43.5 | 47.5 |
| Gender [17] | ||
| Boys | 46.4 | 51.4 |
| Girls | 38.6 | 39.0 |
| Age [18] | ||
| 13 | 76.6 | 73.1 |
| 14 | 55.2 | 53.6 |
| 15 | 43.7 | 54.0 |
| 16 | 34.2 | 47.4 |
| 17 | 24.5 | 26.6 |
| Race | ||
| Anglo | 43.3 | 47.5 |
| Non-Anglo | 44.4 | 48.1 |
| Grade of Onset [19] | Not Gambled |
Less Than Monthly or Monthly | Weekly or Daily |
| 1-6 (276) | 14.5 | 65.2 | 20.3 |
| 7-8 (241) | 18.3 | 70.4 | 11.3 |
| 9-12 (116) | 19.8 | 69.0 | 11.2 |
| Frequency of Youth Gambling [20] | Parents Gamble (425) |
Parents Don't Gamble (559) |
| Never | 23.0 | 41.9 |
| Less than monthly | 35.8 | 36.3 |
| Monthly | 25.6 | 13.2 |
| Weekly/Daily | 15.6 | 8.6 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Grade of Onset [21] | Parents Gamble (161) |
Parents Don't Gamble (101) |
| Grades 1-6 | 52.2 | 41.6 |
| Grades 7-8 | 36.6 | 36.6 |
| Grades 9-12 | 11.2 | 21.8 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| % Using Tobacco | % Drinking | % Using Other Drugs |
|||||||||
| Less Than Monthly/ Monthly |
At Least Weekly | Less Than Monthly/ Monthly |
At Least Weekly | Less Than Monthly/ Monthly |
At Least Weekly | ||||||
| Total (997) | 8.8 | 9.0 | 19.9 | 3.1 | 9.3 | 2.2 | |||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Boys (538) | 9.3 | 9.4 | 18.5 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 2.8 | |||||
| Girls (459) | 8.3 | 8.3 | 21.7 | 1.9 | 9.6 | 1.6 | |||||
| Age [22] | |||||||||||
| 13 (151) | 5.3 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |||||
| 14 (206) | 6.8 | 4.4 | 9.8 | 1.0 | 8.7 | 2.0 | |||||
| 15 (220) | 7.7 | 9.0 | 21.7 | 3.2 | 7.7 | 3.6 | |||||
| 16 (220) | 10.5 | 10.0 | 26.8 | 3.6 | 11.8 | 1.4 | |||||
| 17 (200) | 13.5 | 17.0 | 32.0 | 6.0 | 15.5 | 3.5 | |||||
| Race [23] | |||||||||||
| Anglo (898) | 8.8 | 9.4 | 19.7 | 3.7 | 9.6 | 1.9 | |||||
| Non-Anglo (98) | 9.1 | 6.0 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | |||||
| Substance Used | Gambling Frequency |
| Smoking | .224** |
| Drinking | .207** |
| Drug Use | .199** |
| Gambling Frequency | Recall Seeing Advertisements Always or Often [24] |
| Never (702) | 66.8 |
| Less than monthly/monthly (252) | 71.4 |
| Weekly/daily (42) | 85.7 |
| Gambling Frequency | Recall Seeing Advertisements Always or Often |
| Never (880) | 34.2 |
| Less than monthly/monthly (107) | 33.6 |
| Weekly/daily (10) | 60.0 |
| Lottery Advertising | Casino Advertising
|
|||||||||
| Advertising Type | Always/ Often |
Some- times |
Rarely/ Never |
Always/ Often |
Some- times |
Rarely/ Never |
||||
| Billboards | 27.0 | 31.2 | 41.8 | 15.8 | 25.9 | 58.3 | ||||
| Radio | 20.1 | 32.8 | 47.1 | 16.9 | 26.7 | 56.4 | ||||
| Television | 26.9 | 32.1 | 41.0 | 15.8 | 32.0 | 52.2 | ||||
| Magazines/Papers | 11.1 | 20.3 | 69.6 | 7.5 | 13.7 | 78.8 | ||||
| Response | Total (n=997) |
Non- gamblers (n=338) |
Gamblers (n=658) |
| Very good | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Somewhat good | 11.2 | 6.2 | 13.8 |
| Not good | 88.1 | 93.5 | 85.3 |
| Response | Total (n=997) |
Non- gamblers (n=338) |
Gamblers (n=658) |
| Lucky breaks are most important | 5.0 | 2.7 | 6.1 |
| Hard work is most important | 85.9 | 90.6 | 82.5 |
| Hard work and luck are equally important | 9.1 | 6.7 | 10.4 |
| Level | Broad | Narrow |
| 0 | 34.0 | 34.0 |
| 1 | 50.7 | 50.7 |
| 2 | 11.2 | 5.0 |
| 3 | 4.1 | 1.4 |
| Level | Broad | Narrow |
| 0 | ----- | ----- |
| 1 | 76.8 | 90.3 |
| 2 | 17.0 | 7.6 |
| 3 | 6.2 | 2.1 |
| Group (N) | Level 2 Gamblers | Level 3 Gamblers |
| Total (658) | 17.0 | 6.2 |
| Gender 25 | ||
| Boys (396) | 19.9 | 7.8 |
| Girls (262) | 12.6 | 3.8 |
| Age | ||
| 13 (89) | 19.1 | 6.7 |
| 14 (133) | 19.5 | 4.5 |
| 15 (147) | 17.7 | 10.2 |
| 16 (152) | 12.5 | 4.6 |
| 17 (137) | 17.5 | 5.1 |
| Race | ||
| Anglo (601) | 16.8 | 5.8 |
| Non-Anglo (58) | 19.0 | 10.3 |
| Level 26 | Percent Starting in
Grade School (n=237) |
Percent Starting in
grades 7-8 (n=198) |
Percent Starting in
Grades 9-12 (n=95) |
| 1 | 68.4 | 81.3 | 80.0 |
| 2 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 16.8 |
| 3 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 3.2 |
| Level | Parents Do Not
Gamble (n=324) |
Parents Gamble (n=335) |
| 1 | 80.6 | 74.9 |
| 2 | 14.5 | 18.5 |
| 3 | 4.9 | 6.6 |
| Grade 28 | Level 1 Gambling |
Level 2/3 Gambling |
| Began in Grade School (237) | 68.4 | 31.6 |
| Began After Grade School (428) | 83.2 | 16.8 |
| Table 3.6b. Children of Gambling Parents | Table 3.6c. Children of Non-Gambling Parents | ||
| (In Percent) | (In Percent) | ||
| Grade 30 | Level 1 Gambling | Level 2/3 Gambling | Grade | Level 1 Gambling | Level 2/3 Gambling | |
| Began in Grade School (133) | 62.4 | 37.6 | Began in Grade School (103) | 75.7 | 24.3 | |
| Began After Grade School (202) | 83.2 | 16.8 | Began After Grade School (221) | 82.8 | 17.2 | |
| Level of Gambling | Drinking Frequency | Drug Use Frequency | |
| Drinking | .170** | ||
| Drug Use | .231** | .502** | |
| Smoking | .145** | .540** | .543** |
| SOGS Method | OR (n=997) |
WA (n=1054) |
MN 31 (n=262) |
LA (n=11,637) |
U.S. Rates |
|
| Lifetime prevalence |
75.9 | 83.0 | 85.8 | 86.0 | 89.59-93.25 | |
| Broad | Past Year prevalence |
66.0 | 75.59-89.03 | |||
| Level 2 | 11.2 | 20.0 | 17.1 | |||
| Level 3 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 8.7 | |||
| Narrow | Level 2 | 5.0 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 5.69-11.47 | |
| Level 3 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 1.91- 6.59 | ||